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.Arkhistratig Mikhail (Mikhailovskaia Fort) (1799); 12 Novo-Arkhangel sk33(1804); 13 Ozerskii Redoubt (1810s); 14 Dionisievskii Redoubt (Redoubt Sv.Dion-34isiia) (1833); 15 Novo-Aleksandrovskii Redoubt (1819); 16 Nushagakskaia odinochka35(1830s); 17 Kolmakovskii Redoubt (1841); 18 Khulitnakskaia odinochka (1831); 1936Mikhailovskii Redoubt (1833); 20 Nulato (1839).37The possessions of the Russian-American Company embraced two more districts38 not indicated on the map: the Rossiiskii Russian District (center Fort Ross in Cali-39 fornia) and the Kuril skii Kurile District (center on the island of Urup).History of Tlingit Relations in Russian America 103 1 the previous year.The Indians risked coming out against the Russians, suppos-2 ing that if they won they could use the Russians goods.The wounded Tlingit3 also reported that his group awaited the arrival of ten more canoes to raid the4 Kenai people.This compelled Baranov to leave the camp and hurry to Kodiak5 to take precautionary measures in case of another Indian attack (Tikhmenev6 1863:2:Append.37 38).7 This first clash with the Tlingit showed the Russians that they were dealing8 with a serious opponent.During the course of several hours the Tlingit had9 withstood not only the fire of handguns but of artillery as well.They had10 attacked not in a disorderly mob but in ordered rows, clearly under the com-11 mand of a war leader.Their protective armor turned out to be rather effective12 for withstanding gunfire.There were only about 150 Yakutat Tlingit and their[104], (113 Eyak allies in this battle (if one canoe held about twenty-five warriors), and14 though there were at least one and a half times as many Kodiak, experienceLines: 1415 indicated that the Kodiak were unreliable brothers-in-arms and the Russians16 would have to fight for themselves. 17 No legend about this clash with the Russians survived to the middle of the 0.0pt 18 20th century among the Yakutat Tlingit.In any case, there are no indicationsNormal19 of this account in De Laguna s 1972 monograph.But it can be assumed thatPgEnds:20 this unsuccessful storming of the Russians camp, and the heavy Tlingit losses21 impeded the Tlingit advance toward Chugach Bay.22 The Tlingit attack delayed but did not stop Baranov s (ultimately failed)[104], (123 efforts to bring all the Northwest Coast as far as Vancouver Island under24 Russian authority.As early as 1793 he had sent a hunting party of 180 baidarkas25 commanded by E.Purtov south from Chugach Bay.The expedition reached26 Yakutat Bay, but it was not possible to establish meaningful contact with the27 Tlingit because of the mutual distrust and suspicion (rgada, f.1605, op.1, d.28 352, l.4ob. 5).Most historians, both past and present, do not mention this29 first hunting party, which visited the Yakutat region in 1793.Descriptions of30 the hunting parties journeys to Yakutat and beyond usually begin in 1794.31 It was in 1794 that a party of more than five hundred baidarkas set out on32 a hunt from Kodiak Island, carrying about a thousand Kodiak, Alaskans, and33 Chugach directed by ten Russians led by Purtov and D.Kulikalov (Tikhmenev34 1863:2:Append.60).7 The party reached Yakutat Bay, where the Kodiak hunted35 sea otters and the Russians conducted negotiations with the Tlingit of the36 Yakutat and Akoi kwáans.In the words of an officer of Vancouver s expedition37 who witnessed the negotiations, the chief of the Yakutat people used all his38 eloquence for defining the precise extent of the boundaries of their land and39 indicating the injustice of the Russians who killed and carried away from there104 History of Tlingit Relations in Russian America 1 the sea otters (Vancouver 1833:5:438).The Russians, for their part, shamed2 the Tlingit for the groundless 1792 attack, demanded the return of the four3 captured Chugach, and asked what had happened to the copper crest left with4 them in Yakutat in 1788.The Tlingit confessed to the attack, though they5 reported that the hostages had been sold farther than the bay of the Chilkats 6 (evidently to the Auk or Kootznahoo kwáan) and there died.The crest, they7 said, was sold to the Chilkats after the death of Ilkak and was broken by them8 (Tikhmenev 1863:2:Append.64 65).9 Though negotiations concluded with assurances of friendship, only a few10 days later relations between the Russians and the Yakutat became strained.11 The Indians were irritated by the party s poaching as well as by the fact that the12 Russians had brought along the Chugach, old enemies of the Yakutat people.[105], (15)13 In addition, the Indians resentment might have been evoked by the Russians14 almost complete refusal to trade with them (the Russians themselves wereLines: 16015 experiencing a shortage of European goods).Whatever the case, the Yakutat16 people seized several Kodiak people, and Purtov, for his part, detained three 17 canoes of Indians, demanding the hostages return.After lengthy negotiations 0.0pt Pg 18 mediated by the Tlingit of the Akoi kwáan, almost all the seized Kodiak wereNormal Pag19 released in exchange for the Indians.On July 3 the party left for Kodiak, takingPgEnds: TEX20 with it 15 amanaty from the Eyak and the Tlingit kwáans of Yakutat and Akoi21 (Tikhmenev 1863:2:Append.83).8 Four Kodiak remained hostage among the22 Yakutat people for the winter.[105], (15)23 Purtov s 1794 hunting expedition to Yakutat was a prologue to founding24 Russian colonies on Tlingit lands.The Russian advance into Southeast Alaska25 was predetermined by three circumstances: political factors, the extermina-26 tion of sea mammals in the old hunting grounds, and competition among27 the trading companies (Fedorova 1971:112 120).Purtov s expedition coincided28 with Vancouver s expedition, and these summed up the geographic, and to29 some degree the ethnographic, study of Southeast Alaska beginning with the30 voyage of Bering and Chirikov.31 In 1794 the period of first contact between the Tlingit and Europeans was32 essentially over.Throughout the previous 19 years the Indians had encountered33 the Spanish, French, English, Russians, and Americans.With each contact,34 the Indians became ever more involved in the fur trade that connected the35 Northwest Coast with a developing world market.European-Tlingit contact36 primarily consisted of trade exchange.The political struggle among the Euro-37 pean powers to rule the northern part of the Pacific Ocean also had an indirect38 impact on the Tlingit.The isolation of revolutionary France and the ousting of39 Spain from the Northwest Coast in the mid-1790s left only Russia, England,History of Tlingit Relations in Russian America 105 1 and the United States to struggle for primary political opposition domination2 of this region.3 2.Founding Russian Settlements, and Tlingit4Contacts with the English and Americans52.1.The Russians in Yakutat Bay (1796) and the Alexander Archipelago67After his successful expedition to Yakutat in 1794, Baranov, on instructions8from Shelikhov (Andreev 1948:338 345), decided to establish a permanent Rus-9sian settlement there.According to Shelikhov s plans, this settlement was to10become Russian America s granary and potentially its capital.It was proposed11that up to 30 Siberian colonists families settle in the new place to develop12agriculture and breed stock
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