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.On the last day of the march, Viola Liuzzo, aUU from Detroit, Michigan, who had been chauffeuring civil rightsworkers back and forth between Selma and Montgomery, was shot asshe drove along Highway 80 on her way to Montgomery to pick upmarchers.Some people opined that the Voting Rights Act of 1965was passed as a result of Liuzzo s and Reeb s martyrdom.In response to urban rioting, the UUA called for an EmergencyConference in response to the Black Rebellion in 1967.Out of thisconference, the UU Black Caucus was formed, which demanded thecreation of a black-controlled Black Affairs Council (BAC).BACleaders argued that black members needed to make their own leader-ship and financial decisions.An integrationist group, Black andWhite Action (BAWA), tried to develop its own programs, and re- RADICAL REFORMATION " 385ceived some UUA Board support.BAC sponsored many black con-trolled projects throughout the country, but eventually denomina-tional funding was cut and there was a schism within BAC that un-dermined its effectiveness.After the painful debacles of theBAC/BAWA controversy, the UUA had no major initiatives on racialjustice until 1980 when an institutional racism audit was undertaken.As a result of this completed audit report in 1981, an affirmative ac-tion plan was undertaken.Within 10 years, the UUA reached the goal of 20 percent of theheadquarters staff being people of color.In 2001, an African American,William Sinkford, was elected president of the UUA.In 1985 theUUA established the Black Concerns Working Group (BCWG) to helpcongregations battle racism.That same year, Yvonne Seon became thefirst African American woman to be fellowshipped as a UU minister.In 1984 the Whitney Young Jr.Urban Ministry Fund was started.TheGA of 1992 adopted a long-range plan to become more racially andculturally diverse, and the UUA board appointed a Racial and CulturalDiversity Task Force.In January of that year the UUA Board had al-ready affirmed the Ten Year Plan for Racial and Cultural Diversity.Anew UUA Office for Racial and Cultural Diversity began to work withthe task force and the BCWG to develop resources and programs.MostUUs in the 1950s and 1960s longed to bring justice to blacks in Amer-ica and participated in a unified response in Selma, only to see it dissi-pated in battles over white middle class leadership and fears of blackpower in the late 1960s.Recent history has seen many efforts to healthe wounds of the Black Empowerment Controversy.RACOVIAN CATHECISM.See POLAND; RAKOW.RADICAL REFORMATION.The Protestant Reformation produced aleft wing that has often been referred to as the Radical Reformation.In his book The Radical Reformation, historian George Williams dis-tinguishes three types of religious radicals: Anabaptists, spiritualists,and evangelical rationalists.In addition to a large number of scatteredAnabaptist sects and individual spiritualists, the humanists weremostly rational, Italian in origin, and often anti-Trinitarian.Some-times it is difficult to distinguish between the three groups.One spir-itualist, the German Caspar von Schwenkfeld (1489 1561), rejected 386 " RAKOWa literal interpretation of scripture and argued that God speaks di-rectly to each individual.The leading evangelical humanists whowere emphasizing Christ s humanity included the Italian refugeesCamillo Renato, whose followers spread his ideas to northern Eu-rope; Celio Secundo Curione, a learned scholar and professor atBasel who opposed Servetus execution; Matthias Gibaldo, whoCalvin thought was the source of the heresies in the Italian church inGeneva; Valentino Gentile, who was accused of seven errors as to theTrinity and was beheaded at Bern; and Giorgio Biandrata andLaelius Socinus.The most famous and outspoken of all the anti-Trinitarians was the martyr Michael Servetus, who was burned byCalvin in 1553.Servetus was defended by a Frenchmen, SebastianCastellio (1515 1563), who wrote an important book On Heretics,Whether They Ought to Be Persecuted.Castellio said truth had manyaspects, and called for more love and understanding, saying thatChristians did not deserve to retain the name if they did not showChrist s clemency and mercy.The radicals of the Reformation tookMartin Luther s words to heart when, with increased literacy, theytook their Bibles home and discovered truth for themselves.Theybroke ecclesiastical traditions by insisting that everyone has the rightto feel the spirit speaking in his/her heart.Voices for freedom tospeak the truth as each understood it, the use of reason in the inter-pretation of scriptures, and tolerance of others views began to beheard in the evangelical humanist wing of the radical group; theyfound organized form in later years in Poland and Transylvania.RAKOW.The 16th-century center of Polish Unitarianism grew fromthe joint efforts of a tolerant Polish noble, Jan Sienienski, and his the-ologically liberal Arian wife, Jadwiga Gnoinska.Taking its namefrom Jadwiga s family s coat-of-arms, the rak, or crayfish, and itsphilosophy from her influence, Rakow was established in south cen-tral Poland by a charter granted on March 27, 1567.A number offreedoms were accorded the citizens from the beginning, includingcomplete freedom of belief.Freedom to choose a religion was possi-ble on a few estates in Poland because the Lords of the Manors de-termined the policies.Members of the Minor Church were alreadybeginning to feel persecuted by both Calvinists and Catholics, and alarge migration of the Polish Brethren took place in 1569 where they RAKOW " 387became intent on creating a New Jerusalem living as the first Chris-tians had lived.There was much controversy in the early years, espe-cially when Gregory Paul tried to impose economic communism.Thecitizens differed on whether there should be an ordained clergy, andwhether ritual should be abolished from church services
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