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.Environmental voluntary organisationsactive.The same multi-functionality is evident claimed the proportion to be 29%, and in thethroughout the diagram.fields of social services, education and researchand international activities, it represented a fifthI.28 When we looked at the expenditure andof external resources.The major exception toassets of voluntary organisations working inthis picture was provided by business anddifferent fields we found that bodies concernedprofessional voluntary organisations, whichwith social services and health had the highestderived only 2% of their external income fromexpenditure.The voluntary organisations andindividuals.federations whose main concern was with civilrights and advocacy had the lowest costs andGeographical scopethe smallest assets.Environmental voluntaryorganisations/federations and those whose mainI.31 In asking about the geographical areaobjective was education and research were bestcovered by voluntary organisations, we wereoff from the point of view of assets.chiefly interested in gaining an impression ofwhat sort of proportion of our sampleI.29 As regards the "own resources" ofconsidered Europe as a significant, if not thevoluntary organisations, the most importantonly, focus of their organisation.The resultssource of income for bodies in the field ofvaried surprisingly widely: in one country onlyculture and recreation was the sale of services to4% of respondents regarded their scope asmembers and membership fees, both providingextending to Europe, compared to 35% in29%.In the fields of education and research andanother country.They should, however, beinternational activities, contracts, (25% andconsidered together with our findings (reported27% respectively) were the most importantbelow) on the number of actual or intendedsource of self-generated income, while in thepartnerships or other activities undertaken byarea of health it was membership fees (36%).voluntary organisations at the European level.Voluntary organisations providing socialInterestingly, there appears to be littleservices also said that membership feescorrelation between how important a focusconstituted a significant part of their "ownorganisations consider Europe to be and theirresources" (33%), as did those dealing with civilpropensity to form European partnerships.rights (38%), development and housing (31%)and the environment (35%).In contrast, charityI.32 The scope of a voluntary organisation'sorganisations obtain the bulk of their owninterest is not, of course, necessarily closelyresources by selling services to members (28%)related to its organisational structure.Forand non-members (26%).For business andexample, an internationally active voluntaryprofessional organisations, membership fees areorganisation may well be locally based, whereasby far the largest element in the "own resources"one which may be active at a national levelcategory.within a particular Member State may lack anyinterest in Europe.As a broad rule, however,I.30 As regards external sources of income,the greater an organisation's geographical scopeorganisations working in all fields are largelythe more it appears to play an active role at allsupported by subsidies of one kind or another.levels.Thus most national organisationsSubsidies provide from 31% of total externalconsidered that they were also active at localincome of charitable voluntaryand regional level, but few local organisationsorganisations/federations to 73% of suchconsidered that their scope extended to nationalincome for business and professional bodies.Aslevel.In line with this, most of the voluntaryhas already been noted, support from individuals22 organisations that are active at the European do bodies which charge.To what extentlevel are, in fact, nationally organised.services are provided free or, alternatively, haveto be paid for depended heavily on the voluntaryTarget groups and beneficiariesorganisation's field of action.For example, thesupport of the homeless is likely to involve theI.33 We asked voluntary organisations whichprovision of free (or at least very cheap) goodsparticular groups of people their organisationor services whereas it may be reasonable toworked with or was concerned with and tocharge for, say, adult education.Similarly,indicate to whom, or to which bodies theysports clubs, where perhaps relatively costlyoffered services and on what basis.The greatequipment is needed, or which are prestigious,majority of voluntary organisations andwill provide fewer free benefits than thosefederations defined their target public widely -voluntary organisations involved in social46% of respondents said that they served theservices, especially of a relatively informal kind."general public" or alternatively "young people"These findings, together with those on(37%) or "adults" (35%).In contrast, very fewvoluntary organisations' sources of incomevoluntary organisations mentioned moreare a clear indication of the importantnarrowly-defined groups as their particularredistributive effect which these bodies have.concern.It may be doubted whether there ismuch significance in this finding.SinceEuropean Community-wide partnershipsvoluntary organisations were not, in practice,between voluntary organisationsconfined to one choice from the list provided inand foundationsthe questionnaire, the likelihood is that mostrespondents whose activity was directed on theI.36 Because of the method we used, ourone hand at a specific group of people e.g
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